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This paper aims to study the effect of Xiangqin Jiere Granules(XQ) on lipid metabolism and chronic inflammation in different obesity model mice. The monosodium glutamate(MSG) obese mouse model was established by subcutaneous injection of MSG in newborn mice, and the high fat diet(HFD) obese mouse model was established by feeding adult mice with HFD. The normal mice were assigned into the control group; the MSG obese mice were assigned into MSG model group, XQ4.5 group(Xiangqin Jiere Granu-les, 4.5 g·kg~(-1)), XQ22.5 group(Xiangqin Jiere Granules, 22.5 g·kg~(-1)); the HFD obese mice were assigned into HFD model group, XQ4.5 group, and XQ22.5 group. The mice were intragastrically administrated with saline or XQ for 5 weeks. After that, the body weight, visceral fat mass, liver and thymus weight, and the organ indexes in each group were measured. The levels of triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol(TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-c) in serum and liver tissue were detected by the kits. The mRNA expression levels of acetyl CoA carboxylase 1(ACC1), fatty acid synthetase(FAS), diacylgycerol acyltransferase 1(DGAT1) and hepatic lipase(HTGL) involved in lipid metabolism in mouse liver tissue were detected by quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR). The protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-6(IL-6) in serum were detected by ELISA, and the mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in liver tissue were detected by qPCR. Compared with the control group, MSG and HFD mice showed increased body weight, abdominal circumference, Lee index and visceral fat mass as well as elevated levels of TG, TC, and LDL-c in serum. The model mice had up-regulated gene levels of ACC1, FAS and DGAT1 while down-regulated gene level of HTGL in the liver. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein levels of IL-6 increased in the model mice. Compared with the model mice, XQ treatment decreased the body weight, abdominal circumference, Lee index, and visceral fat mass, lowered the levels of TG, TC, and LDL-c in se-rum, down-regulated the gene levels of ACC1, FAS, and DGAT1 in liver tissue, up-regulated the gene level of HTGL, and down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of IL-6. To sum up, XQ has good therapeutic effect on different obesity model mice. It can improve lipid metabolism and reduce fat accumulation in obese mice by regulating the enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, and alleviate obesity-related chronic low-grade inflammation.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Inflammation/metabolism , Lipid Metabolism , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Obese , Obesity/geneticsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the procedure of pre-transfusion testing and transfusion strategy of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) treated by daratumumab (DarA).@*METHODS@#The blood samples of MM patients before and after DarA treatment from the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were collected, and the ABO/Rh blood group antigen identification and DAT test results were compared. The results of antibody screening and cross matching of the patients before and after inactivation of red blood cells with 0.2 mol/L dithiothreitol (DTT) were compared and analyzed.@*RESULTS@#ABO/Rh blood group antigen typing showed no affecting in patients after treated by DarA; the result of DAT test showed negative. Irregular antibody screening showed that all the three cells(Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ) were positive(1+~2+) and the self-control was negative. By microcolumn agglutination method, the main side of the multi-bag of blood showed no matched, while the secondary side showed all identical. After treated by DTT solution, the cross matching results in reagent red blood cells and the red blood cells of blood donors were both consistent, and the irregular antibody screening was negative. The K(+)O type erythrocytes used in parallel control were transformed into K(-)O type erythrocytes after DTT treatment. However, there was no significant changes in E(+) O type erythrocytes before and after DTT treatment. There was no condensation on the primary and secondary side of the condensed amine method. The primary and secondary sides of blood matching by saline method showed negative.@*CONCLUSION@#After treated by DarA, cross matching results from microcolumn agglutination method can be interfered by the residual drug antibody in MM patients, while the interference was eliminated in the presence of 0.2 mol/L DTT solution. However, no disturbance was observed when using condensed amine method or saline method. Therefore, corresponding transfusion procedures should be selected according to the emergency degree of blood transfusion to ensure the safety and timeliness of blood transfusion.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Blood Transfusion , Dithiothreitol , Multiple Myeloma/therapyABSTRACT
ObjectiveGut microbiota plays an important role in Parkinson′s disease, but the mechanisms behind this remain unknown. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of intestinal microbiota in patients with Parkinson′s disease, and to study the changes of intestinal Prevotella_copri and their role in this disease.Methods The study was carried out in 46 patients with Parkinson′s disease and their spouses. The spouse has been living with the patient for a long time, not suffering from any disease. Fecal samples from all subjects were collected using sterile containers. The bacterial DNA was extracted on ice following the Kit protocol. We used the BGISEQ-500 high-throughput sequencing platform to conduct metagenomic shotgun sequencing, to explore the changes of patients′ intestinal microbiota through bioinformatics, and to analyze the function and role of differential microorganisms in disease.ResultsCompared to healthy spouse, the gut microbiota of patients with Parkinson′s disease was significantly changed, which was characterized by decreased Prevotellaceae and Prevotella_copri, but by significantly elevated Bacteroides_stercoris and Escherichia_coli. Prevotella_copri was decreased with age increasing. The correlation analysis showed a significantly negative correlation between the abundance of Prevotella_copri and age, H-Ystage, UPDR total score, and UPDRS Ⅲ score. Results of the random forest model indicated five items including Prevotella_copri had good predictive value for the disease. The functional analysis stated pathways associated with super-pathway of thiamin diphosphate biosynthesis, 4-aminobutanoate degradation. The glucose-1-phosphate degradation and methyl phosphonate degradation significantly increased in patients, while pathways associated with aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, chorismate biosynthesis, thiamin formation, and pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides salvage significantly decreased. Pathways of Prevotella_copri were mainly concentrated in UMP biosynthesis, S-adenosyl-L-methionine cycle, and guanosine ribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis.ConclusionStructural composition and metabolic functions of gut microbiota were significantly changed in patients with Parkinson′s disease. Prevotella_copri plays an important role in the occurrence and progression of the disease and can be used as a potential biomarker for Parkinson′s disease.
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<p><b>Background</b>Placebo was defined as any therapy that is used for its nonspecific psychological and physiologic effect but has no specific pharmacologic impact on the condition being treated. Besides medication therapies, studies have found that the optimal dietary approach as well as physical activity and education are useful to control hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the placebo effects of antidiabetic therapies in Asian and Caucasian T2DM patients and make a comparison between the two ethnicities.</p><p><b>Methods</b>A search using the MEDLINE database, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database was performed, from when recording began until December 2016. The main concepts searched in English were sulfonylurea (SU); alpha glucosidase inhibitors (AGI); metformin (MET); thiazolidinediones (TZD); dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i); sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i); glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA); type 2 diabetes (T2DM); placebo controlled; and randomized controlled trials. Using the Cochrane instrument, we evaluated the adequacy of randomization, allocation concealment procedures, and blinding.</p><p><b>Results</b>This study included 63 studies with a total of 7096 Asian patients involved and 262 studies with a total of 27,477 Caucasian patients involved. In Caucasian population, the use of placebo led to significant reductions of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), -0.683% (P = 0.008) in SU monotherapy treatment, -0.193% (P = 0.001) in DPP-4i treatment, and -0.230% (P < 0.001) in SGLT2i treatment, respectively. In Asian population, the use of placebo resulted in significant decreases of HbA1c, -0.162% (P = 0.012) in DPP-4i treatment and -0.269% (P = 0.028) in GLP-1RA add-on therapy, respectively. The placebo also significantly reduced body weight. In Caucasian population, placebo use resulted in 0.833 kg (P = 0.006) weight loss by SU treatment and 0.953 kg (P = 0.006) weight loss by GLP-1RA treatment. In Asian population, the placebo led to a weight change of 0.612 kg (P < 0.001) by GLP-1RA analog treatment. The changes of HbA1c and weight due to the placebo effect in other treatments were not significant in both Asian and Caucasian population. Comparisons of the placebo effect on HbA1c change and weight change in each treatment group indicated that no significant difference was found between Asian and Caucasian population.</p><p><b>Conclusions</b>The overall differences of the placebo effect on HbA1c changes as well as on body weight changes were not significant between Asian and Caucasian T2DM patients. The placebo effect on HbA1c changes and weight changes was not associated with baseline age, gender, baseline body mass index, baseline HbA1c, duration of diabetes, or study duration.</p>
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Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of Tangqianping Granules in the treatment for patients with pre-diabetes. Methods Totally 140 patients with pre-diabetes were divided into treatment group and control group through random number table method, with 70 cases in each group. Both groups had lifestyle intervention and health education, such as diet and exercise. The control group was treated with metformin hydrochloride enteric-coated tablets, 0.25 g per time, three times a day, orally. The treatment group was treated with Tangqianping Granules on the basis of the control group, one dosage per day, twice a day, orally. The treatment course for both groups were 3 months. Clinical efficacy of both groups were evaluated. TCM symptom scores, blood glucose, lipid level and prognosis were observed. Results The total effective rate was 89.9％ (62/69) in the treatment group and 58.8％ (40/68) in the control group, and the treatment group was better than the control group, with statistical significance (P＜0.05). Compared with before treatment, TCM symptom scores of the two groups after treatment were significantly lower, with statistical significance (P＜0.05). After treatment, TCM symptom scores in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group, with statistical significance (P＜0.05). Compared with before treatment, fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb A1 c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting insulin (FINS), and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) decreased after treatment in both groups, with statistical significance (P＜0.05). After treatment, the levels of FBG and TC in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group, with statistical significance (P＜0.05). The rate of reversal of pre-diabetes and the incidence of new diabetes after treatment in the treatment group were better than those in the control group (P＜0.05). Conclusion Intervention of Tangqianping Granules in the pre-diabetic population has significant clinical efficacy, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of diabetes.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish an high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based method for analysis of the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of dextromethorphan chewing gum tablets in rabbits.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The pharmacokinetic parameters and the relative bioavailability of dextromethorphan chewing gum preparation in rabbits were compared with those of the commercially available chewing dextromethorphan tablets using 3P97 software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Pharmacokinetic analysis of the new dextromethorphan chewing gum tablets showed a AUC of 488.76 ∓ 175.00 ng.ml(-1).h, C(max) of 95.45 ∓ 17.53 ng/ml, and t(max) of 1.83 ∓ 0.57 h as compared with the corresponding parameters of 370.13 ∓ 90.56 ng.ml(-1).h, 174.00 ∓ 47.88 ng.ml, and 1.04 ∓ 0.14 h for the commercially available chewing tablets. The relative bioavailability of the new chewing gum medicine system was (140.73 ∓ 65.91)%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The new dextromethorphan chewing gum preparation shows an increased AUC((0→)), decreased C(max), and prolonged t(max) in comparison with the commercially available chewing tablets, with also a greatly enhanced relative bioavailability.</p>